Scenes from the Pry Barn

     Museums and historic buildings aren’t just used for displays and exhibits, sometimes they can be used for outside functions such as meetings, dinners, concerts, parties, or even weddings.  Hosting functions such as these creates issues beyond the normal ones for planning an event.  Not only is visitor safety a concern, but the artifacts and exhibits must be protected as well.  Ideally though, these events take place in areas which do not contain artifacts!

 

The Pry barn at the Pry House Field Hospital Museum is used for various programs.  Normally there is a display of reproduction medical items inside the barn including stretchers and an ambulance.  This makes it easier to use for events, since there are no artifacts involved. 

 

 

Sometimes the barn is used for museum events, such as this Soldiers’ Fair last year.  You can see that the main area of the barn has been cleared out for this event.

 

 

The barn has also been used for other events, such as this banjo concert.  Yes, that is the museum’s Director, George, playing the banjo!

 

      During the Battle of Antietam, the Pry barn was used as a field hospital for the wounded soldiers.  Last week, it was utilized for a much different purpose than the treatment of wounded and dying soldiers.  Tom, the Superintendent out at the Pry House, had his wedding there!

 

The barn’s large haymow made a good dance floor!

 

     It was an interesting contrast to attend a wedding ceremony at the barn, while knowing its history.  Though about 400 soldiers were treated there, undoubtedly not all of them were able to be saved.  I rather liked the idea that the barn was now a “witness” to a much happier event.    

 

Congratulations Tom & Tori!

 

 

Would You Walk Into My Parlor?

     We had another “mystery artifact” donated to us recently.  A large black wool cloth with fringe on the edges was initially brought in for us to identify.  Though the fringe could have indicated that it was a shawl, the cloth was much too big.  At about 10 feet long and 5 feet wide, it was even too large to be a blanket!

When folded like this, the cloth looks like a blanket or tablecloth. The black dye is starting to fade to dark green, and the cloth has a few small moth holes, but overall it is still in good condition. 

     The owner of the cloth said that she’d been told it had something to do with mourning.  Its black color did suggest that it might be associated with funerals or mourning.  That gave us a place to start.  Our Director of Research, Terry Reimer, was the one who finally identified it.   

 

This ad for a 19^th century cooling board, also known as a cooling table, is from the book, “The History of American Funeral Directing.”  Take a close look at that illustration.  The table is covered with a large, dark, fringed cloth!  So, this cloth is a cooling table cover.

 

        The ad gives a good indication as to the use of a cooling table: “A Practical Undertaker of long experience, submits this cooling board to the profession as combining all the essential qualities to meet every requirement for the proper care of dead bodies.  The simplicity of this Board recommends it over all others in the market, and its price places it within reach of every Undertaker in the land.  It is manufactured of the very finest materials, nickel plated &c.” 

     In addition to the table with the cloth cover in the ad, also notice that there is a second table which is shown folded into a more portable size.  There’s a good reason for these tables to be easily portable.

     Funerals used to be held in people’s homes, with the viewing of the body being in the family’s parlor.  Instead of transporting the body to a funeral home, the undertaker would travel to the family’s home, and he would need to bring his cooling table with him.  The body would be placed on top of the cooling table, and blocks of ice would be placed underneath the table to cool and preserve the body.  These tables often had small holes in the top to allow for better circulation of the cool air around the body.  The cloth cover was draped over a frame which folded out from the table.  Its purpose was to help keep the cooler air near the surface of the table.  Reportedly, this method worked quite well to “refrigerate” and preserve the body.

 

Here is a photo of an actual cooling table, without the frame for the cloth cover.  Unfortunately, my museum doesn’t own a cooling table, so this image is from the website of the Rogers Historical Museum in Arkansas.

 

     I’ll leave you with a little bit of related trivia.  The term “parlor” went out of fashion at about the same time that funerals stopped being held in private residences.  It was replaced by the term “living room.”  Evidently, the change occurred because people didn’t want to be reminded of the former use of that particular room! 

Photos courtesy of the National Museum of Civil War Medicine, except where otherwise noted.

How Would You Measure Up?

     A couple of months ago I posted about making some changes to the museum’s Recruiting gallery.  You can read that post here. 

     This week we added the remaining displays to the gallery.  There were no artifacts involved this time, but we did install two new interactive displays for our visitors.

 

Before we could install the new displays, we had to take out the mannequins and wooden railings which were part of the old display.  Tom did the demolition!

  

Uh oh, it appears that when the floors were stained, the railings and the mannequins were already in place.  Now it looks like we have footprints in our gallery!  There always seem to be surprises when doing work like this.  After rummaging around in the museum’s basement, I was able to find the old can of stain and to do a touch-up on the bare spots. 

 

     One of our new displays is titled, “How Do You Measure Up?”  It allows visitors to measure themselves against silhouettes of Civil War soldiers to see how they compare in height.  Both armies had guidelines concerning a soldier's height.  The Union Army had a set minimum height of 5'3" since they believed smaller men would be unable to stand the rigors of the march, and a preferred maximum height of 6'3" since larger men would be more easily fatigued.  These guidelines were not always followed, since there are records of men who didn’t fall within them.

 

Here you see our exhibit designer, Dennis, installing the image of the tallest known soldier, Henry Clay Thruston of the 4^th Missouri Cavalry, who stood at a whopping 7’2” tall! 

 

Here are all the images, from tallest to shortest.  Mr. Thruston’s image is next to the image of a 6’3” soldier which represents the tallest recommended height for a soldier.  The Zouave in the middle is 5’8 ½” tall and represents the average Civil War soldier.  The image of the bugler is 5’3” tall and represents the shortest recommended height for a soldier.  At the far end is an image which represents the shortest known Civil War soldier, at 3’8”.

 

     The other new display is “On the March.” It deals with the items which the soldiers carried with them.  A typical Civil War soldier carried over 50 lbs. of equipment while on the march, and an average days' march was 20 miles.  Items which the soldiers typically carried were a gun & ammunition, a knapsack, a haversack, food rations, a canteen, a few personal items, a blanket, an overcoat or rubber blanket, and a tent or shelter half.

 

This is a model 1833 box knapsack that was issued throughout the Civil War, especially to state militia units.  When filled, it weighs 35-40 lbs. 

 

This model 1842 U.S. Springfield musket was a typical weapon issued early in the Civil War.  It weighs about 11 lbs.

     

     Museum visitors can try lifting the knapsack and musket on display here.  The knapsack is much heavier than it appears!

 

Here’s a look at the finished displays and floor! 

 

     So, how would you measure up – would you make the cut as a Civil War soldier? 

 

Photos courtesy of the National Museum of Civil War Medicine.

*Note – I just wanted to say thank you to all my readers - this is my 100^th post!

A Window to the Museum

“Figuratively speaking this city [Frederick] is one vast hospital, and yet hundreds of poor fellows continue to arrive, who have their wounds attended to, and away they go, uncomplaining.” -Philadelphia Inquirer, September 25, 1862

 

      Even before our museum visitors see the displays in our galleries, they see our big front window display.  This display is our chance to grab people’s attention and to interest them in what they will see if they choose to walk through our front doors.  While our former display certainly served its purpose in presenting an aspect of Civil War medicine, it had been there for several years.  It was time for a change!

 

 

  

Our previous display depicted Mary Ann “Mother” Bickerdyke tending to a wounded soldier on the battlefield at night.  Mother Bickerdyke served as a nurse during the Civil War.  She was known for her dedication to “her boys,” to the point of scouring the battlefields after dark with a lantern, in case any of the wounded men had been overlooked.

 

     Our new window display still deals with the treatment of the wounded soldiers, but it also highlights our tie to the city where our museum is located, Frederick, Maryland.  Now you may wonder what Frederick has to do with the Civil War.  After all, there was no Battle of Frederick (though we did have the Battle of Monocacy).  Frederick’s biggest contribution, at least to Civil War medicine, was actually due to the Battle of Antietam.   

     After the Battle of Antietam, the bloodiest single day of battle in U.S. history, Frederick was transformed into a major medical center for the military.  Twenty-seven of the city’s buildings, including churches, schools, hotels, and meeting halls, were taken over for hospital use by the Union Medical Department.  At one point, the wounded soldiers outnumbered the residents of the town!  Many of these historic buildings are still standing, and some of these are featured in our window display. 

 

The only drawback to our new window display is that it does not photograph well due to all the reflections in the glass!  Here you can see a portion of it, which shows three of the historic buildings in Frederick that were used as hospitals during the Civil War.  I’ll just have to give a shameless plug for my museum and advise you to come and see the rest of the display in person! 

 

     The display also features a theme which can be seen throughout our museum, "Civil War Medicine; It’s not what you think!"  It’s not just about the surgical instruments and medical procedures of the time.  It’s about the men and women who cared for the sick and wounded soldiers, and the medical innovations which were developed as a result, innovations which are the basis of some of today’s medical knowledge and procedures. 

     Civil War Surgeon, Henry Stewart Hewit summed up Frederick’s contribution well:   

"The city of Frederick is pleasantly situated in a fertile and beautiful valley with an environment of distant hills.  The town has the combined advantages of a compact well built city in the midst of a rural agricultural district.  It is paved, lighted with gas, and supplied with pure soft water brought in pipes from mountain springs.  It is in those respects admirably adapted for the sudden emergency it was called upon to fulfill in affording accommodation for the hospitals improvised after the great battles of the 14th and 17th of September.  The completeness and efficiency with which the emergency was met, will live in all future history, and will reflect honor upon the inhabitants who ministered with boundless charity to the wants of the wounded, and the Medical officers who knew how to avail themselves of the local advantages.”

     To hear more about why the National Museum of Civil War Medicine is located in Frederick, Maryland, click here.

 

Photos courtesy of the National Museum of Civil War Medicine.

A Diary and a Love Poem

     We get all sorts of books pertaining to Civil War medicine donated to the museum, but I think my favorites are the diaries.  They go beyond the medical facts and figures and give glimpses into the lives of the medical caregivers of the time.  Today I thought I’d give you a look at a small diary kept by an Assistant Surgeon in the Civil War.
 
 

This pocket diary is 6” high, 3 ¼” wide, and ¾” thick, which would have made it small enough carry easily.  It is covered in dark green leather, and it was printed by W.G. Perry, Manufacturing Stationer, in Philadelphia.  It covers the year 1863.

 

     This diary is on loan to the museum and is currently on display in our Camp Life gallery.  I was offered the chance to borrow it by the great-grandson of its author.  We had talked on the telephone a few times, and he was very interested in sharing this diary and a few other related artifacts, so that more people could enjoy them.  He was a very charming gentleman, and we were in the process of arranging for the delivery of the artifacts when I stopped hearing from him.  I was shocked and quite sad to learn that he had passed away.  I was very grateful when his daughter decided to honor his wishes and go forward with the loan of the artifacts.

  

A drawing of Dr. Thomas Lawton, author of the diary.

 

     The diary was written by Thomas Clark Lawton, who was an Assistant Surgeon with the 37^th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.  Thomas Lawton was born in Hartland, CT, on February 8, 1834.  He attended Sheffield Medical School and graduated in 1859, after which he worked at the Rainsford Island Hospital in Boston, MA.  Dr. Lawton was one of the first volunteers to enlist in the 37^th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, remaining with them from August 15, 1862 through February 23, 1864.  He was in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, as well as the 1863 New York draft riots.

 

In addition to the dated pages, it contains a mini-almanac in the front with charts for moon phases, eclipses, railroad distances, and postal rates, as well as an 1863 monthly calendar which lists the daily sunrise, sunset, and moonrise times.  In the back are memoranda pages and cash account pages for each month.  There is also a small pocket in the back of the diary which contains two letters of reference from Rainsford Island Hospital in Boston for Dr. Lawton, and two newspaper clippings of his obituary.

 

     The first entry in the diary is for New Year’s Day in 1863.  Dr. Lawton notes that they were camping along the Rappahannock River (Virginia), and that he was doing picket duty.  He adds that the previous New Year had been much more pleasant!  Later entries describe muddy marches, setting up tents in the rain, shortages of food, illnesses and deaths, sending requisitions for medicines which never arrived, going on furlough, and seeing President Lincoln reviewing the troops. 

     It appears that he was in Maryland as well:

Friday, July 10 – Left our camp near Boonsborough early and marched towards Hagerstown.  Heavy canons a little in advance.  Marched some 4 miles and took position on the right of the corps in line of battle.   Lay there all day and night.  Located my hospital in a nice grove in the rear.  Seven companies under the Maj.  Detailed about 10 ock at night to go on picket.  After packing up and going 2 miles it was concluded they were not needed and sent back. 

Saturday, July 11 – Lay in same position all day.  Rec’d orders to pack up and put all meds away about sundown.  After about an hour’s waiting rec’d orders for the men to go to sleep.  Went back to our old position and had a good night’s rest.  Orders to march at 4 tomorrow morning.

Sunday, July 12 – Left our position this morning and marched in the direction of Hagerstown passing through Funkstown.  Came up with reb pickets about a mile beyond.  Funkstown and Antietam Creek formed in line of battle and sent out skirmishers.  Lay in first position for about 2 hours.  Then moved to the left about a mile or so and formed again.  A very heavy shower in p.m.  Skirmishing very heavy – quiet at night when we advanced our pickets.  Several of the 2^nd RI wounded.  Took a house for a hospital.  Slept in a hay loft.  Had my horse stolen at night – found her again.

     Thomas Lawton was not the only one who made entries in his diary though.  His fiancée left several short notes, poems, and drawings for him to find, as well as an entry on January 10 reminding him that it was her birthday!   Her name was Nina Vose, and seeing her additions makes me think that this diary may have been a gift from her.  Dr. Lawton makes many references in it about to writing to Nina and receiving letters from her.  While Dr. Lawton’s diary entries are mostly matter of fact, Nina’s little additions are more playful.  On one page she left him this little ditty:

“Thomas was an idle lad,
And lounged about all day. 
And though he many lessons had,
He minded naught but play.”

 

 

This sketch was left in the diary by Nina.  Its caption reads, “Your residence – Pig, Cow & well sweep - & a faithful likeness of yourself.” 

 

     I had chuckle when reading that Nina signed many of her entries “Pinkie”, and in one instance, “Naughty Pinkie.”  It seemed quite evident that these two were more than just a little fond of each other!  As difficult as it must have been for them to be apart, their story does have a happy ending.  After the war, Dr. Lawton set up a private practice in Hinsdale, MA, married Nina, and they raised four children together. 

     The last diary entry on December 30 is a poem written in the doctor’s handwriting that seems to tell it all:

“They never loved who idly say
That lover’s hearts are apt to stray.
For O, I tell thee, gentle one,
True love is changeless as the sun,

Unlike a transient flashing flame
It glows eternally the same;
‘Tis fixed in reason and the will,
And ceases not till hearts are still.”

 

Photos courtesy of the National Museum of Civil War Medicine.

Civil War Camp Games

     Last week it was time to change our display over at Fort Detrick.  The theme for the current exhibit is Civil War games.  Since this is a medical museum, you might not expect to find game-related artifacts here.  We do have some though, which can be seen in our Camp Life display to illustrate how the surgeons and the soldiers coped with their time in camp. 

 

Now there are also some Civil War game items on display at the Command Building at Fort Detrick.

 
     So, how do games relate to Civil War medicine?

     Much of a Civil War soldier’s life was spent in camp, and camp life could be quite tedious.  One method of occupying their time was to play games.  Many of the games the soldiers played are familiar classics like card games, dice games, checkers, backgammon, chess, horseshoes, and dominoes.  In the winter there were sometimes snowball fights.  Other games, like lice races and cockroach races, were invented due to the conditions in the camps!  Soldiers also participated in team sports such as baseball, and an early form of football. 

 

 

Here are a few domino game tiles made of ivory and ebony.  A set of dominoes in a small case was compact enough for a soldier to carry on marches.

 

In this photo, Civil War soldiers play dominoes at Camp Winfield Scott in Yorktown, Virginia.  Library of Congress photo.

 

Playing cards like these were also popular and very portable.  Many different games could be played with these, but poker was one of the more popular games.

 

 

When you play poker, you need poker chips!  This one is made of ivory, but not all of them were this fancy.  Soldiers could fashion poker chips out of many other materials, including bullets.

 

Here you can see officers of the 114th Pennsylvania Infantry playing cards in front of their tents.  Library of Congress photo.

 

Another popular camp game was chess.  This chess board was made by Corporal John A. Barker, Co. C, 2^nd New Hampshire Infantry while recuperating at DeCamp Hospital, David’s Island, New York, after being wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg.  So, constructing this game board served as a sort of therapy for him while he was hospitalized. 

 

     Playing games helped to ease the boredom of camp life, and gave the soldiers a temporary “escape” from the war.  Playing sports had the added bonus of contributing to the physical fitness of the soldiers.  Playing together on teams could also help to create a team spirit and camaraderie among the men.  So, these camp games did play a role in bolstering the men’s physical and mental well-being.

 

Photos courtesy of the National Museum of Civil War Medicine, except where otherwise noted.

A New Look at the Museum

     Earlier this week the founder of the museum, Dr. Gordon Dammann, gave a tour of the museum for the staff and volunteers.  While it may seem strange to take a tour of a museum you’ve worked in for years, he singled out some of his favorite artifacts and treated us to some stories we hadn’t heard about them.  Over half of the artifacts we have here at the museum were either donated by Dr. Dammann or are on loan to us from him, so that adds up to a lot of stories! 

 

This drum is in our Recruiting gallery because it was used to help “drum up” new recruits.  Dr. Dammann told us the story of its pre-museum life as a coffee table.  Yes, I cringed a little when I heard that! 

 

I’ve written about this Civil War Surgeon’s tent here.  I think this is Dr. Dammann’s very favorite artifact!  He told us about acquiring it from the family of the surgeon, and about displaying it at Civil War shows and in three presidential libraries before it was put on display here.  It is a well-traveled tent!

 

Not all of the stories were about artifacts.  Some members of the tour learned that the reason our museum has “trees” in some of the galleries is because they are disguising steel supports!  Dr. Dammann also explained how the trees were treated to eliminate any insects before being installed in the galleries.

 

Another favorite artifact is a rather ingenious little eating utensil designed for patients with an amputated hand or arm.

 

Here’s a closer look at the combination knife and fork.  It has an ivory handle, three regular fork tines, and a small, sharp blade in place of a fourth tine.  The user could cut and spear portions of food using only one hand.

 

We also heard the story behind the museum’s acquisition of this wooden siding, which is on display at the entrance to our Pavilion Hospital gallery.  This siding is believed to have been part of the Hammond Hospital at Point Lookout, in St. Mary's County, Maryland.  It was donated to the museum just in time to be saved from being part of a fire department’s practice burn!  As with the trees in the galleries, this siding was first heat-treated to kill any insect pests.

 

 

Peleg Bradford’s prosthetic leg is another of Dr. Dammann’s favorite artifacts.  He told us the story of acquiring the leg, and his resulting search for more of its history.  He eventually was able to track down some of Peleg’s descendants and the letters which are on display in the museum.  Having more of the leg’s history not only makes for a more compelling display, but it teaches us more about the lives of the people during the Civil War.  [See my post about Peleg Bradford here.] 

 

 

He also talked about how he came to the decision to start the museum.  He said (and I’m paraphrasing here!) he knew that as a collector he would only have possession of the artifacts for a finite time.  He said it was his job to protect them and to learn more about their stories.  I know there are a lot of people who are very glad that he did that; we wouldn’t have this museum without him!

 

Photos courtesy of the National Museum of Civil War Medicine.